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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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, _0 e/ C$ `: F! e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ) C3 ]1 k- c6 S+ O! k$ g& @4 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 5 q4 q* U9 h9 m8 y8 Q Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& d3 N" S3 ]8 T, }4 Y "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, / X p; \1 _2 ]; J1 j* q8 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,5 v, X* g5 I5 ?& `& ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : t* l6 T$ q! B2 ]4 H4 b3 s"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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9 q' E( @! M* J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 1 c1 v) a3 f( `# X" \2 E7 J4 c7 p7 P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 6 H# t( a& P/ E+ Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 ~( s5 f& r" b" ~5 U! b"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, , g y* k- g4 t) Z" \0 h! Z7 j! f" a- j. f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, # r) p8 o7 B0 T4 [; W. v7 {0 l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, $ m7 Q; z% X% j# @4 n+ }& \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / S. u, D8 B( I0 G"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 7 S: F8 Z7 @: `0 h0 K0 u! Y6 H1 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, * _' r6 u2 E' D/ q. Y1 ?' u; l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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, C! y8 c z, J& ?4 h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,, d( ]5 a+ I+ C# y! F, `# { ( E2 O ^$ |1 ~% P+ _/ I+ x, ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ q6 [: S2 ^( e5 P. k. C "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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- R/ |, q9 `, j0 o6 K7 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ( R, D; d7 n* k9 G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ , s, y6 W) R1 J0 m6 t M" g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 4 \% V0 ] \! `- m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ . `1 Z) C; ~5 N. h: G6 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” : {; {" {" v, z( |8 n$ D! O+ _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! E& x9 I% m/ x Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 P+ F& f' L9 Z3 T8 P"Times New Roman"">前者为因, # z+ B; Y, R! d+ h5 G+ i+ Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 9 \! U4 j4 O1 v3 o# c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) z+ t% Y0 n8 A7 h" Z( W "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,1 ]; {6 q5 W: Y1 D# {1 w+ d 6 M8 T. N9 k9 A; E5 g* U( e4 h9 g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, |; T! g4 Q0 ^8 Z8 f, c7 _9 U* v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, + n0 A8 I, M# ]8 K5 U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 ~ h; y5 v" t! R# C"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, % |8 X4 b) j( [: X( m5 ]1 ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: , \/ ]/ f' [& N% F8 n$ n' sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 [" A- `3 } b( L v6 G( ~ "Times New Roman"">“ 4 n* y: r; z! c$ n# t5 P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 0 a% a. y+ A8 F. i; r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ' Q, A; m ?& k6 L' j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, & d: b0 X% K+ L' v3 u5 @6 q! pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 i2 Q! z; y+ z2 P. Y" Q "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:0 y. c C& T: ^! H! r1 S # N+ U2 u' O7 J9 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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! y: {3 j7 A ~$ Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 " Q; \1 z1 T1 Z2 F! c# p) D" S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 2 Q0 B: D8 |7 \# ?' I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * y. |* T3 N" H7 H( u"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,8 m' O' B2 j: i! ~. y0 w0 W, q$ J. n . R& {8 R1 Q# X! x- D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ; q- l% q% z4 k, ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 s e$ o |7 Z% X6 T/ M"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ; X; ]& N' D% S1 `) E' ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 2 H+ D! V* C& T, y) K) t; ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里- S( {' X3 J4 x! X( O; U5 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 7 t3 I6 T6 Y7 S" P3 i/ T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元() y+ Q3 D8 `' |/ F1 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ' y/ Y+ }0 r3 ?4 A$ o9 k; wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - \/ c+ H! Z3 C" O+ @7 {"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用& y" S2 D2 S* r7 l, g12.0pt">, 4 C! b9 u0 v2 E" X4 m, j"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 6 P' N6 U- O' T$ i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: _% i. i# d% W: e2 s- r+ g0 j "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, , w" R0 R' D9 |; j1 j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!/ Z1 |6 {1 U7 J( Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 1 d4 J C- j2 d J- n/ h# n9 ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . }$ M J) ?& `4 U0 v! F"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: * _+ I6 P T& ~, p9 J4 P" M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ) ?1 j9 w* M7 j4 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 8 \1 f3 U# p( C5 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # r% ^, W. x3 `, l' r5 @/ O7 Y"Times New Roman"">“ & v& J, l) p9 L" Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”6 M; ~% M4 b2 M9 \12.0pt"> ' c( A ]) c6 a5 V& u "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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' l, j' T0 q$ N6 U# B( f; b$ \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, $ M# T( U. A9 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, # h7 k _* ?: u( v, \0 W' \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) c4 }4 K& E" E+ w: f3 A; P "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ' S) t2 A6 s- |. P/ [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ! V: k _% } e5 j0 d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, " ~$ V r3 P4 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# L9 e( z- Z; G9 x8 E- } "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ / M* W: u% X' u# W4 k+ n" O1 q6 |- ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” $ `2 d' J! ]1 g% C" n3 q1 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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8 n+ k l; [' F0 W7 C4 ?1 N) ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,) u" R8 k, J8 @ ? & l) k' d4 q2 Q( f5 W; z- R3 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; g" t+ V; ?2 d- p2 V. M* Z$ W"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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5 |; p$ Y8 `' I( _ \5 e+ _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, . q: ~! r5 K0 r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, $ U: x3 c" Z, u% P$ g3 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 H8 |1 m- n7 {"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 1 Z+ L3 `8 c, V0 P8 j/ I t. T; b+ ~, }; `8 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 2 Y0 R& R/ Z4 K) a Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 G2 | k$ n+ f( ]9 R; j- o "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,9 j& Y. ~/ \. D9 z5 ^0 U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 1 [& h+ |$ C1 x# F& Q2 h. Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 f- q! ]. d% Y9 M; W0 ~ "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题! D @% l4 q: p* I: k 12.0pt">: , N" Z0 t( ]2 I$ ~6 B: @ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: * y- [6 X+ B \7 F5 S6 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% J$ ^6 r0 c' M! E5 a+ m "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才. o# }: a- u) G7 v, Q M5 f12.0pt">, $ F' a1 D* B0 r8 f7 i "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, * S6 t* Z# w( P) mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 B! I- t# x: d0 G2 E+ W( h+ R& q "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ) s/ I; h5 \6 M( P9 t p" Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 5 C" N5 R* z" X, H6 y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 7 }5 D/ y, Q2 K# p& E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# O3 c# |: v6 _) @/ T# J5 |5 G "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题! @' J* _; ~% }- |& f12.0pt">; ) d' M! H I/ @+ t- s" D6 @$ n "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 6 C7 [! f' e3 F- f) D' e; ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: {6 ?. L$ @& I/ r* }"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求3 a: v1 O/ `5 d8 v12.0pt">: # I. V" b: |/ q5 i) a% H "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 1 C) L/ K; q2 ]% a$ Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) B1 ?6 l% R- K9 J"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ' Y* g+ ?) ? c/ f7 r! Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, * N( V' k0 Q" b) W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 D! n% i1 K& |' y# m- L"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统0 {- v" Y* t) X 12.0pt">:

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- Q O0 e0 k! W- a6 F- r" pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ " {8 o' ?% x8 b; Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” + H; Y3 q7 K: y/ D, F6 d* T5 T! A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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% P# S- C3 c0 ~$ ]3 i) R% J$ I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,4 ~5 g& S; y) ?$ I; @. G 0 a5 n) D- P/ p5 ]' Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # G" x: a! v2 W"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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/ b# w. f3 r4 G/ ~2 z; N% A9 _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, : t, Y: z5 P: k& k) kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : x; F# S6 U3 S' i {! C& P+ \' o"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 2 h+ Z# V8 D x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, & u& r/ {8 K! {0 O! `# Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * K" x$ s/ }4 q! }: c"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 3 c u% X9 S- X! |* A4 E2 b, t& H7 Y. Z: q' J5 r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 3 Q/ q0 \8 ~( R( i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / }% e! z8 Y6 `: A9 b" J"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 5 B; X1 d7 l7 R3 Y6 g6 O' vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ' p; Q& I% }+ l b+ ]+ R% J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ) N( u4 V* f7 i1 v; D6 V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( c* Y3 Z% c, }% y2 a$ ^ "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, / D% `/ @8 c6 e% ~( qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 1 `; g# Y- Z, D4 M$ u8 W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 `7 w5 p# [% j"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, # h; `. n2 \) w6 }) M/ G5 v2 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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1 T" t, c) j- O' w5 f6 v7 } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,0 F8 ~) Y3 D V. Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - o. n! [" k# |; ]# o0 d"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定0 Z' f- m( \* u+ ]& r# D% |3 f6 {12.0pt">, ; X/ F# R: k* ?: V2 |2 t+ N "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 5 q. a! ~$ v' N9 T/ Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, G9 v6 U. B; K% Y "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:7 T- Z7 k3 ^1 x% zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ) I. L# o2 s; b, T$ o3 x9 \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 9 R$ @. V7 i) G/ ~ S. p u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 l/ e5 J, e; T& M' h( u"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, `7 g- t& \! j9 ]" ~8 m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ; [$ Z$ y1 M: Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , h# i) b9 ]! ?# A% x c"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: , y* @/ u3 }+ F$ ~, Y* T. B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ $ `/ d2 Y* E# C. k. s) L7 J9 _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ' W# m- x7 E7 O5 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : S# z/ E1 K2 G/ X) X, p4 Y: _"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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